Sexually transmitted infections in women deprived of liberty in Roraima, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B infection among women deprived of liberty in the state of Roraima, Brazil, and its correlation with perceptions, knowledge and behavioral factors. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, with simple systematic sampling, conducted at the Public Female Prison in Boa Vista, State of Roraima, in 2017. A total of 168 inmates (93.8% of the population) were evaluated by in-person interviews and rapid tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) was 20.2%, being 4.7% HIV, 15.5% syphilis, and 0.0% hepatitis B. Multivariate analysis confirmed as risk factors for acquiring an STI: being over 30 years of age [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.57; 95%CI 1.03-6.40); low schooling (adjusted OR: 2.77; 95%CI 1.08-5.05); little knowledge about condom use (adjusted OR: 2.37; 95%CI 1.01-7.31); and believing that there is no risk of contracting syphilis (adjusted OR: 2.36; 95%CI 1.08-6.50). CONCLUSION: The population deprived of liberty is a group of highly vulnerable to STI. The high prevalence of these infections can be explained by knowledge deficits on the subject, distorted perceptions and conditions peculiar to imprisonment, which result in risky behavior. We emphasize the need to implement educational programs for preventing, diagnosing and treating STI for this population.

Sexually transmitted infections in women deprived of liberty in Roraima, Brazil / Infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em mulheres privadas de liberdade em Roraima

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B infection among women deprived of liberty in the state of Roraima, Brazil, and its correlation with perceptions, knowledge and behavioral factors. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study, with simple systematic sampling, conducted at the Public Female Prison in Boa Vista, State of Roraima, in 2017. A total of 168 inmates (93.8% of the population) were evaluated by in-person interviews and rapid tests. RESULTS The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) was 20.2%, being 4.7% HIV, 15.5% syphilis, and 0.0% hepatitis B. Multivariate analysis confirmed as risk factors for acquiring an STI: being over 30 years of age [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.57; 95%CI 1.03-6.40); low schooling (adjusted OR: 2.77; 95%CI 1.08-5.05); little knowledge about condom use (adjusted OR: 2.37; 95%CI 1.01-7.31); and believing that there is no risk of contracting syphilis (adjusted OR: 2.36; 95%CI 1.08-6.50). CONCLUSION The population deprived of liberty is a group of highly vulnerable to STI. The high prevalence of these infections can be explained by knowledge deficits on the subject, distorted perceptions and conditions peculiar to imprisonment, which result in risky behavior. We emphasize the need to implement educational programs for preventing, diagnosing and treating STI for this population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a prevalência de infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), sífilis e hepatite B entre mulheres privadas de liberdade do estado de Roraima e sua correlação com percepções, conhecimento e fatores comportamentais. MÉTODO Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, com amostragem sistemática simples, realizado na Cadeia Pública Feminina de Boa Vista, estado de Roraima, no ano de 2017. Foram avaliadas 168 detentas (93,8% da população) por meio de entrevista face a face e testes rápidos. RESULTADOS A prevalência de alguma infecção sexualmente transmissível (IST) foi de 20,2%, sendo 4,7% de HIV, 15,5% de sífilis, e 0,0% de hepatite B. A análise multivariada confirmou como fatores de risco para adquirir uma IST: ter mais de 30 anos de idade [ odds ratio (OR) ajustada: 2,57; IC95% 1,03-6,40); baixa escolaridade (OR ajustada: 2,77; IC95% 1,08-5,05); pouco conhecimento sobre o uso da camisinha (OR ajustada: 2,37; IC95% 1,01-7,31); e achar que não há risco de contrair sífilis (OR ajustada: 2,36; IC95% 1,08-6,50). CONCLUSÃO A população privada de liberdade constitui um grupo de alta vulnerabilidade às IST. A elevada prevalência dessas infecções pode ser explicada por déficits de conhecimento sobre o assunto, percepções distorcidas e condições peculiares ao aprisionamento, que resultam em comportamento de risco. Ressalta-se a necessidade de implantar programas educativos de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento de IST para essa população.

What clinical, functional, and psychological factors before treatment are predictors of poor quality of life in cancer patients at the end of chemotherapy? / Que fatores clínicos, funcionais e psíquicos antes do tratamento são preditores de baixa qualidade de vida em pacientes oncológicos ao término da quimioterapia?

Summary Objective: To correlate physical activity level (PAL), functional capacity and psychological state with quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT). Method: Observational cohort study. Patients (n=121) with any primary cancer site with indications of chemotherapy with palliative or curative intent were evaluated at three moments: 1) patient admission (week 0), before chemotherapy; 2) week 8; 3) end of CT. Data were collected regarding QoL, PAL, clinical data, functional capacity (short walking distance test, sitting-rising test, isometric manual gripping force), and anxiety and depression tests. Results: There was significant improvement at the end of CT for: level of physical activity; walk test (> 500 meters); sitting-rising test (> 20x). There was a significant reduction in the prevalence of moderate/severe depression. The prevalence of high QoL showed a significant increase in evaluation 3 (42.4% vs. 40.0% vs. 59.2%, p=0.02). Education up to high school level, low PAL, walking < 300 meters, sitting and rising < 20 times, having depression (moderate to severe) and QoL that was not high at the start of treatment (week 0) all proved to be risk factors for low quality of life at week 16. Conversely, early staging, curative intent chemotherapy and low-grade symptoms were shown to be protective factors. Conclusion: Performing less than 20 movements in the sitting-rising test and low PAL at the start of chemotherapy represent independent risk factors for low quality of life at the end of chemotherapy.

Resumo Objetivo: Correlacionar nível de atividade física (NAF), capacidade funcional, estado psicológico com qualidade de vida (QdV) de pacientes com câncer em tratamento quimioterápico (QT). Método: Estudo de coorte observacional. Pacientes (n=121) com qualquer sítio primário de câncer, com indicação de quimioterapia com intuito paliativo ou curativo foram avaliados em three momentos: 1) admissão do paciente (semana 0), antes da quimioterapia; 2) semana 8; 3) ao término da QT. Foram coletados dados sobre QdV, NAF, dados clínicos, testes de capacidade funcional (teste de curta distância de caminhada, teste de sentar/levantar, força de preensão manual isométrica) e testes de ansiedade e depressão. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa ao término da QT para: nível de atividade física; teste de caminhada (> 500 metros); teste de sentar e levantar (> 20x). Notou-se redução significativa da prevalência de depressão moderada/grave. A prevalência de QdV elevada apresentou aumento significativo na avaliação 3 (42,4% vs. 40,0% vs. 59,2%; p=0,02). Escolaridade até nível médio, baixo NAF, caminhar < 300 metros, sentar e levantar < 20 vezes, ter depressão do humor (moderado a grave) e QdV não elevada no início do tratamento (semana 0) foram fatores de risco para baixa qualidade de vida na semana 16. Inversamente, estadiamento precoce, intuito de quimioterapia curativo, baixa escala de sintomas foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: Realizar menos de 20 movimentos no teste de sentar e levantar e possuir baixo NAF no início do tratamento quimioterápico representam fatores de riscos independentes para baixa qualidade de vida ao fim da quimioterapia.

Factors related to non-adherence to mammography in a city of the Brazilian Amazonian area: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of mammography use and factors related to non-adherence in Boa Vista, capital of Roraima, Brazil. METHOD: A cross sectional study, quantitative analysis, based on household survey was performed between June and August 2013, using a face-to-face interview with a pre-tested form. Target population was women between 40 and 69 years. The sample size target was 240 participants, and the sampling method was random cluster sampling. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Federal University of Roraima. RESULTS: 241 women were included without refusals. The prevalence of non-use of mammography in the past two years was 55.6% (95CI 49.1-61.9). In univariate analysis, the risk factors for non-adherence to mammography were having low educational level, family income below three minimum wages, receiving government assistance, not having consulted with a doctor and no health insurance. In multivariate analysis, only low educational level and receiving government assistance remained as risk factors. Medical consultation or health worker visiting were protective factors. CONCLUSION: Adherence to mammography is unsatisfactory in Boa Vista, Roraima, and has a predominantly opportunistic character. Low educational level is confirmed as an independent risk factor, but belonging to a family that receives government assistance can be interpreted as a social marker of families and/or areas lacking of government intervention to increase access to breast cancer control programs.

Factors related to non-adherence to mammography in a city of the Brazilian Amazonian area: A population-based study / Fatores relacionados à não utilização de mamografia em capital brasileira da região Norte: um estudo de base populacional

Summary Objective: To assess the prevalence of mammography use and factors related to non-adherence in Boa Vista, capital of Roraima, Brazil. Method: A cross sectional study, quantitative analysis, based on household survey was performed between June and August 2013, using a face-to-face interview with a pre-tested form. Target population was women between 40 and 69 years. The sample size target was 240 participants, and the sampling method was random cluster sampling. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Federal University of Roraima. Results: 241 women were included without refusals. The prevalence of non-use of mammography in the past two years was 55.6% (95CI 49.1-61.9). In univariate analysis, the risk factors for non-adherence to mammography were having low educational level, family income below three minimum wages, receiving government assistance, not having consulted with a doctor and no health insurance. In multivariate analysis, only low educational level and receiving government assistance remained as risk factors. Medical consultation or health worker visiting were protective factors. Conclusion: Adherence to mammography is unsatisfactory in Boa Vista, Roraima, and has a predominantly opportunistic character. Low educational level is confirmed as an independent risk factor, but belonging to a family that receives government assistance can be interpreted as a social marker of families and/or areas lacking of government intervention to increase access to breast cancer control programs.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de utilização da mamografia e fatores relacionados à não adesão em Boa Vista, capital de Roraima, Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, de análise quantitativa, baseado em inquérito domiciliar, por entrevista face a face, utilizando formulário previamente testado. Foram incluídas mulheres entre 40 e 69 anos, entre junho e agosto de 2013. A meta amostral foram 240 participantes, e o método de amostragem foi aleatório por conglomerado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Roraima. Resultados: 241 mulheres foram incluídas, sem recusas. A prevalência de não utilização de mamografia nos últimos dois anos foi 55,6% (IC95% 49.1-61.9). Em análise univariada, os fatores de risco para não adesão à mamografia foram baixa escolaridade, renda familiar inferior a três salários mínimos, receber auxílio governamental, não ter sido consultado por médico e não ter plano de saúde. Em análise multivariada, apenas baixa escolaridade e receber auxílio governamental se mantiveram como fatores de risco, enquanto consulta médica ou visita de agente de saúde, como fatores de proteção independentes. Conclusão: A adesão à mamografia é insatisfatória em Boa Vista e tem caráter predominantemente oportunista. Baixa escolaridade se confirma como fator de risco independente, mas pertencer a uma família que recebe auxílio governamental pode ser interpretado como marcador social das famílias e/ou áreas mais carentes de intervenção governamental para aumentar o acesso aos programas de controle do câncer de mama.

What clinical, functional, and psychological factors before treatment are predictors of poor quality of life in cancer patients at the end of chemotherapy?

OBJECTIVE: To correlate physical activity level (PAL), functional capacity and psychological state with quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT). METHOD: Observational cohort study. Patients (n=121) with any primary cancer site with indications of chemotherapy with palliative or curative intent were evaluated at three moments: 1) patient admission (week 0), before chemotherapy; 2) week 8; 3) end of CT. Data were collected regarding QoL, PAL, clinical data, functional capacity (short walking distance test, sitting-rising test, isometric manual gripping force), and anxiety and depression tests. RESULTS: There was significant improvement at the end of CT for: level of physical activity; walk test (> 500 meters); sitting-rising test (> 20x). There was a significant reduction in the prevalence of moderate/severe depression. The prevalence of high QoL showed a significant increase in evaluation 3 (42.4% vs. 40.0% vs. 59.2%, p=0.02). Education up to high school level, low PAL, walking < 300 meters, sitting and rising < 20 times, having depression (moderate to severe) and QoL that was not high at the start of treatment (week 0) all proved to be risk factors for low quality of life at week 16. Conversely, early staging, curative intent chemotherapy and low-grade symptoms were shown to be protective factors. CONCLUSION: Performing less than 20 movements in the sitting-rising test and low PAL at the start of chemotherapy represent independent risk factors for low quality of life at the end of chemotherapy.

Rastreamento do Transtorno de Despersonalização/Desrealização em Estudantes de Medicina de uma Universidade Federal no Brasil / Screening for Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder among Medical Students at a Brazilian Public University

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de Transtorno de Despersonalização/Desrealização (DP/DR) em estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Roraima e correlacionar com dados socioeconômicos e pessoais. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal, quantitativo e descritivo, desenhado para avaliar a prevalência de DP/DR em estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) em 2014 utilizando-se a Cambridge Depersonalization Scale como instrumento de pesquisa. Resultados A prevalência geral de DP/DR em estudantes de Medicina da UFRR foi de 11,5%. A prevalência foi maior nas séries iniciais (do primeiro ao terceiro ano) (OR = 10,7) em relação às séries finais. Não houve correlação de prevalência de DP/DR com fatores individuais, como idade, sexo ou renda. Conclusão Observamos uma prevalência expressiva de transtorno de DP/DR em acadêmicos de Medicina, que pode afetar negativamente a vida pessoal e profissional, gerando sofrimento significativo. É possível que as séries iniciais apresentem um risco maior de desenvolvimento do transtorno, e os mecanismos de enfrentamento do estresse desenvolvidos pelos estudantes podem exercer papel fundamental na suscetibilidade a este e a outros transtornos psíquicos.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the prevalence of depersonalization/derealization disorder (DP/DR) among medical students at the Federal University of Roraima and to correlate this with socio-economic and personal variables. Methods A cross-sectional study that is both quantitative and descriptive and designed to assess the prevalence of DP/DR disorder among UFRR medical students in 2014 using the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale as a research tool. Results The overall prevalence of DP/DR among UFRR medical students was 11.5%, with the prevalence higher among lower grades (1st to 3rd year) (OR = 10.7) compared to the final series. There was no correlation between the prevalence of DP/DR and individual factors such as age, gender or income. Conclusion We observed a high prevalence of DP/DR disorder among medical students, which may adversely affect their personal and professional life, causing significant distress. It is possible that students in lower years are at a greater risk of developing the disorder, and that mechanisms developed by students used to face stress may play a key role in their susceptibility to this and other psychological disorders.

Pleural tuberculosis in the state of Roraima, Brazil, between 2005 and 2013: quality of diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of diagnosis and the epidemiological profile of patients with pleural tuberculosis in the state of Roraima, Brazil, in order to provide technical support for the development and implementation of public policies to combat the disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study designed to determine the prevalence of pleural forms of tuberculosis in Roraima between 2005 and 2013 and to evaluate the diagnostic criteria used, as well as their determinants. This study was based on secondary data from the Brazilian Case Registry Database, including all reported cases of pleural tuberculosis in the state during the study period. Diagnoses based on bacteriological or histopathological confirmation were defined as high-quality diagnoses. RESULTS: Among the 1,395 cases of tuberculosis reported during the study period, 116 (8.3%) were cases of pleural tuberculosis, accounting for 38.9% of all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the sample. The incidence rate of pleural tuberculosis did not follow the downward trend observed for the pulmonary form of the disease during the same period. The prevalence of cases with a high-quality diagnosis was 28.5% (95% CI: 20.4-37.6%). In a univariate analysis, none of the demographic or clinical characteristics collected from the database were found to have a significant impact on the outcome (as explanatory variables). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the diagnoses in our study sample was considered unsatisfactory. Limited access to specific diagnostic methods might have contributed to these results.

Pleural tuberculosis in the state of Roraima, Brazil, between 2005 and 2013: quality of diagnosis / Tuberculose pleural no estado de Roraima no período de 2005-2013: qualidade diagnóstica

Objective: To evaluate the quality of diagnosis and the epidemiological profile of patients with pleural tuberculosis in the state of Roraima, Brazil, in order to provide technical support for the development and implementation of public policies to combat the disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed to determine the prevalence of pleural forms of tuberculosis in Roraima between 2005 and 2013 and to evaluate the diagnostic criteria used, as well as their determinants. This study was based on secondary data from the Brazilian Case Registry Database, including all reported cases of pleural tuberculosis in the state during the study period. Diagnoses based on bacteriological or histopathological confirmation were defined as high-quality diagnoses. Results: Among the 1,395 cases of tuberculosis reported during the study period, 116 (8.3%) were cases of pleural tuberculosis, accounting for 38.9% of all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the sample. The incidence rate of pleural tuberculosis did not follow the downward trend observed for the pulmonary form of the disease during the same period. The prevalence of cases with a high-quality diagnosis was 28.5% (95% CI: 20.4-37.6%). In a univariate analysis, none of the demographic or clinical characteristics collected from the database were found to have a significant impact on the outcome (as explanatory variables). Conclusions: The quality of the diagnoses in our study sample was considered unsatisfactory. Limited access to specific diagnostic methods might have contributed to these results.

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade dos diagnósticos e o perfil epidemiológico de portadores de tuberculose pleural no estado de Roraima, visando embasar tecnicamente o fomento e a aplicação de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento dessa doença. Métodos: Estudo transversal, desenhado para determinar a prevalência de formas pleurais da tuberculose em Roraima entre 2005 e 2013 e avaliar os critérios diagnósticos utilizados e seus determinantes. Este estudo foi baseado na revisão de dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, incluindo todos os casos notificados como tuberculose pleural no estado durante o período de estudo. Diagnósticos baseados em confirmação bacteriológica ou histopatológica foram definidos como de qualidade. Resultados: Dos 1.395 casos de tuberculose notificados no período do estudo, 116 (8,3%) foram da apresentação pleural, totalizando 38,9% das formas extrapulmonares na amostra. A taxa de incidência dessa apresentação clínica não acompanhou a tendência decrescente da forma pulmonar da doença no período. A prevalência de diagnósticos de qualidade encontrada foi de 28,5% (IC95%: 20,4-37,6%) e, na análise univariada, nenhuma variável explicativa dentre as características demográficas e clínicas coletadas do banco de dados tiveram um impacto significativo no desfecho (como variáveis explicativas). Conclusões: A qualidade dos diagnósticos na amostra estudada foi considerada insatisfatória. O acesso limitado a métodos diagnósticos específicos pode ter contribuído para esses resultados.

Cervical cancer screening coverage in a high-incidence region.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the coverage of a cervical cancer screening program in a city with a high incidence of the disease in addition to the factors associated with non-adherence to the current preventive program. METHODS A cross-sectional study based on household surveys was conducted. The sample was composed of women between 25 and 59 years of age of the city of Boa Vista, RR, Northern Brazil who were covered by the cervical cancer screening program. The cluster sampling method was used. The dependent variable was participation in a women's health program, defined as undergoing at least one Pap smear in the 36 months prior to the interview; the explanatory variables were extracted from individual data. A generalized linear model was used. RESULTS 603 women were analyzed, with an mean age of 38.2 years (SD = 10.2). Five hundred and seventeen women underwent the screening test, and the prevalence of adherence in the last three years was up to 85.7% (95%CI 82.5;88.5). A high per capita household income and recent medical consultation were associated with the lower rate of not being tested in multivariate analysis. Disease ignorance, causes, and prevention methods were correlated with chances of non-adherence to the screening system; 20.0% of the women were reported to have undergone opportunistic and non-routine screening. CONCLUSIONS The informed level of coverage is high, exceeding the level recommended for the control of cervical cancer. The preventive program appears to be opportunistic in nature, particularly for the most vulnerable women (with low income and little information on the disease). Studies on the diagnostic quality of cervicovaginal cytology and therapeutic schedules for positive cases are necessary for understanding the barriers to the control of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer screening coverage in a high-incidence region / Cobertura do rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero em região de alta incidência

OBJECTIVE To analyze the coverage of a cervical cancer screening program in a city with a high incidence of the disease in addition to the factors associated with non-adherence to the current preventive program. METHODS A cross-sectional study based on household surveys was conducted. The sample was composed of women between 25 and 59 years of age of the city of Boa Vista, RR, Northern Brazil who were covered by the cervical cancer screening program. The cluster sampling method was used. The dependent variable was participation in a women’s health program, defined as undergoing at least one Pap smear in the 36 months prior to the interview; the explanatory variables were extracted from individual data. A generalized linear model was used. RESULTS 603 women were analyzed, with an mean age of 38.2 years (SD = 10.2). Five hundred and seventeen women underwent the screening test, and the prevalence of adherence in the last three years was up to 85.7% (95%CI 82.5;88.5). A high per capita household income and recent medical consultation were associated with the lower rate of not being tested in multivariate analysis. Disease ignorance, causes, and prevention methods were correlated with chances of non-adherence to the screening system; 20.0% of the women were reported to have undergone opportunistic and non-routine screening. CONCLUSIONS The informed level of coverage is high, exceeding the level recommended for the control of cervical cancer. The preventive program appears to be opportunistic in nature, particularly for the most vulnerable women (with low income and little information on the disease). Studies on the diagnostic quality of cervicovaginal cytology and therapeutic schedules for positive cases are necessary for understanding the barriers to the control of cervical cancer. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a cobertura do programa de rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino em município com alta incidência da doença e os fatores relacionados à não adesão ao programa preventivo vigente. MÉTODOS Foi realizado estudo transversal, com base em inquérito domiciliar. A amostra foi composta por mulheres entre 25 e 59 anos de idade do município de Boa vista, RR, Brasil, com cobertura pelo programa de rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino. Foi utilizado o método de amostragem por conglomerado. A variável dependente foi a adesão ao programa de saúde da mulher, definida como a realização de pelo menos um teste de Papanicolaou nos 36 meses anteriores à data da entrevista; as variáveis explicativas foram extraídas a partir de informações individuais. Foi utilizado modelo linear generalizado. RESULTADOS Foram analisadas 603 mulheres, com idade média de 38,2 anos (DP = 10,2). Quinhentas e dezessete mulheres realizaram o exame, sendo a prevalência de realização, nos últimos três anos, de 85,7% (IC95% 82,5;88,5). Renda familiar per capita elevada e consulta médica recente associaram-se à menor taxa de não realização do exame na análise multivariada. O desconhecimento da doença, das causas e dos meios de prevenção correlacionou-se com a chance de não adesão ao rastreamento. Vinte por cento das mulheres relataram realização do exame em caráter oportunístico, e não rotineiro. CONCLUSÕES A cobertura informada é elevada, acima do recomendado para controle do câncer do colo uterino. O programa preventivo apresenta caráter oportunístico, sobretudo para as mulheres mais vulneráveis (com baixa renda e pouca informação sobre a doença). Estudos sobre a qualidade diagnóstica da citologia cervicovaginal e dos itinerários terapêuticos dos casos positivos são necessários para compreensão das barreiras para o controle do câncer do colo uterino. .

Acurácia dos exames citológicos cervicovaginais em Estado de elevada incidência de câncer de colo de útero / Validity of cervicovaginal cytology in a Brazilian State with high incidence rate of cervical cancer

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da citologia cervicovaginal realizada no principal laboratório do Estado de Roraima, por concordância entre avaliadores (monitoramento externo) e com resultados histopatológicos. MÉTODOS: Lâminas de 100 mulheres, de uma amostra de conveniência de base populacional, foram avaliadas pelo LAPER, principal laboratório de referência do Sistema Único de Saúde do Estado de Roraima e reavaliadas por médicos patologistas experts externos ao laboratório. Foram avaliados índice Kappa, sensibilidade e especificidade. O estudo foi aprovado pela Coordenação do Laboratório Estadual e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Roraima. RESULTADOS: Quanto à prevalência de atipias celulares (relacionadas ao papilomavírus humano), não houve concordância entre resultados emitidos pelo LAPER e pelos patologistas externos (k=0,21). Constatou-se baixa sensibilidade (28,5%) e especificidade de 89,2% para o desempenho do LAPER, com elevada proporção de resultados falsos positivos e falsos negativos. Os laudos citológicos de patologistas externos apresentaram sensibilidade e especificidade maiores (71,4 e 98,9%, respectivamente), descartando que erros de coleta e coloração possam explicar o baixo desempenho do LAPER. CONCLUSÃO: O baixo desempenho diagnóstico da citologia cervicovaginal pode ser uma barreira para o controle do câncer de colo de útero em Roraima. Ressalta-se a necessidade de capacitação profissional e monitoramento interno e externo em Estados brasileiros com alta incidência de câncer de colo de útero. .

PURPOSE: To evaluate the validity of cervicovaginal cytology performed at LAPER, the main Laboratory of Pathology of the State of Roraima, Brazil, by interrater agreement (external monitoring) and agreement with histopathologic results. METHODS: One hundred women were included, a population-based convenience sample. Their cervical cytological exams were evaluated by the laboratory staff and reviewed by expert medical pathologists, external to the laboratory. Cohen's Kappa index, sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. The study was approved by LAPER coordination and Federal University of Roraima Research Ethics Commitee. RESULTS: Regarding the prevalence of human papillomavirus-related atypical, there was no concordance between the results issued by LAPER and by the external pathologists (k=0.21). A low sensitivity (28.5%) and specificity (89,2%) was detected for the diagnostic performance of LAPER, with a high proportion of false positive and false negative results. The cytological reports of the external pathologists showed higher sensitivity and specificity (71.4 and 98.9%, respectively), ruling out the possibility that errors related to collection methods and staining would explain the low performance of the laboratory. CONCLUSION: A low diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology can be a barrier against the control of cervical cancer in Roraima. We emphasize the need for professional training and internal and external monitoring in Brazilian states with a high incidence of cervical cancer. .

Prevalência de alterações citológicas cervicais em indígenas do extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira / Prevalence of cervical cellular atypia in indigenous women from nothern amazonian region – Brazil

Introdução: Apesar de a saúde indígena ser apontada como prioritária por organizações de saúde, estudos sobreprevalência de lesões pré-malignas e malignas do colo do útero nas populações nativas do Brasil são escassos. Mais de 15% da população de Roraima é formada por indígenas aldeadas, mas seu risco de câncer do colo do útero é desconhecido. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de lesões citológicas pré-malignas ou malignas do colo do útero de indígenas aldeadasnos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) Leste e Yanomami, no extremo Norte da Amazônia Brasileira.Método: Estudo descritivo. Revisão de registros e exames patológicos de mulheres indígenas aldeadas submetidas a exame citopatológico na Casa de Saúde do Índio (RR), entre 2004 e 2012. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONE P). Resultados: Foram incluídas 2.701 indígenas, 74% de indígenas do DSEI Leste (Macuxi e Wapichana) e 26% de indígenas do DSEI Yanomami. A prevalência de LSIL foi 3,0%, HSIL 4,6% e câncer invasivo 1,1%. Nas indígenas Yanomami, houve maior prevalência da situação nunca antes rastreada (77,9% vs 55,0%) e de citologia sugestiva de câncer (2,0% vs 0,8%), sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa.Conclusão: Este estudo chama atenção para a elevada prevalência de lesões cervicais pré-malignas e malignas emindígenas Yanomami (mais isoladas geográfica e culturalmente), comparadas com as indígenas do DSEI Leste. Estudos prospectivos avaliando os determinantes epidemiológicos e biológicos da infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV) são necessários para melhor entendimento dessa susceptibilidade

Introduction: Despite the indigenous health being recognized as priority by health organizations, studies on theprevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in native populations of Brazil are scarce. In Roraima – Brazil,more than 15% of the population is constituted by indigenous people, but their risk of cervical cancer is unknown.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of premalignant or malignant cervical cytological lesions in indigenous womenfrom Special Sanitary Yanomami and Eastern District, in the northern Brazilian Amazonian region. Method: Adescriptive study and medical records and pathological examinations of indigenous women review that underwentcytopathological screening in the House of Indigenous Health – RR, between 2004 and 2012. The study was approvedby National Commission on Ethics in Research (CONEP). Results: 2,701 indigenous were included, 74% fromEastern Special Sanitary District (ethnic groups Makushi and Wapichana) and 26% from Yanomami Special SanitaryDistrict. The prevalence of LSIL was 3.0%, HSIL 4.6% and 1.1% of invasive cancer. In the Yanomami group, therewas a higher prevalence of the status of never been screened before (77.9% vs 55.0%) and a higher prevalence ofa cytology suggestive of cancer (2.0% vs 0.8%), statistically significant. Conclusion: This study draws attention tothe high prevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in indigenous Yanomami (more geographicallyand culturally isolated) when compared to the indigenous from Eastern Special Sanitary District. Prospective studiesevaluating the epidemiological and biological determinants of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are needed forbetter understanding of this susceptibility.

Cost-effectiveness of the vaccine against human papillomavirus in the brazilian Amazon region / Custo-efetividade da vacina contra o papilomavírus humano na região Amazônica brasileira

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-utility of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on the prevention of cervical cancer in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: AMarkov cohort modelwas developed to simulate the natural evolution of HPV and its progress to cervical cancer, considering the current preventive programs and treatment costs. The one-year transition probabilities were mainly based on empirical data of local and national studies. The model evaluated the addition of the vaccine to three cervical cancer-screening scenarios (0, 3 or 10 exams throughout life). RESULTS: The scenario of three Pap tests resulted in satisfactory calibration (base case). The addition of HPV vaccination would reduce by 35% the incidence of cervical cancer (70% vaccination coverage). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$ 825 for each quality-adjusted life year gained. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this result, and duration of immunity was the parameter with greater variation in incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. CONCLUSION: Vaccination has a favorable profile in terms of cost-utility, and its inclusion in the immunization schedule would result in a substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of invasive cervical cancer in the Brazilian Amazon region.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a custo-efetividade da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero na região Amazônica brasileira. MÉTODOS: Um modelo de coorte Markov foi desenvolvido para simular a história natural do HPV e seu progresso para câncer de colo de útero, considerando os atuais programas de prevenção e os custos de tratamento. As probabilidades de um ano de transição foram baseadas principalmente em dados empíricos de estudos locais e nacionais. O modelo avaliou a adição da vacina a três cenários de rastreio de câncer de colo de útero (0, 3 ou 10 exames ao longo da vida). RESULTADOS: O cenário de três exames de Papanicolau resultou em calibração satisfatória (caso base). A adição de vacinação contra o HPV reduziria em 35% a incidência de câncer de colo de útero (70% de cobertura de vacinação). A razão incremental de custo-efetividade foi US$ 825 para cada ano de vida ajustado para qualidade ganho. A análise de sensibilidade confirma a robustez deste resultado, e a duração de imunidade foi o parâmetro com maior variação na razão incremental de custo-efetividade. CONCLUSÃO A vacinação tem um perfil favorável em termos de custo-utilidade, e sua inclusão no calendário de imunização resultaria em redução substancial de incidência e de mortalidade relacionadas ao câncer de colo de útero na região Amazônica brasileira.

Cost-effectiveness of the vaccine against human papillomavirus in the Brazilian Amazon region.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-utility of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on the prevention of cervical cancer in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: A Markov cohort model was developed to simulate the natural evolution of HPV and its progress to cervical cancer, considering the current preventive programs and treatment costs. The one-year transition probabilities were mainly based on empirical data of local and national studies. The model evaluated the addition of the vaccine to three cervical cancer-screening scenarios (0, 3 or 10 exams throughout life). RESULTS: The scenario of three Pap tests resulted in satisfactory calibration (base case). The addition of HPV vaccination would reduce by 35% the incidence of cervical cancer (70% vaccination coverage). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$ 825 for each quality-adjusted life year gained. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this result, and duration of immunity was the parameter with greater variation in incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. CONCLUSION: Vaccination has a favorable profile in terms of cost-utility, and its inclusion in the immunization schedule would result in a substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of invasive cervical cancer in the Brazilian Amazon region.

Angioma de canal endocervical: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Angioma of the Endocervical Canal: Case Report and Literature Review / Angioma del canal endocervical: un caso y revisión de la literatura

Introdução: O angiomixoma é um tumor raro, agressivo, de origem mesenquimal, que geralmente acomete a pelvee o períneo, sendo na vulva a apresentação mais comum. Seu pico de incidência ocorre na quarta década. Tem como principais características o crescimento lento e indolor com formação de grandes massas com altas taxas de recorrência local sem, no entanto, apresentar metástases tumorais. Relato de caso: Mulher, 52 anos, com sangramento vaginal napós-menopausa decorrente de pólipo endocervical de 2,0 cm simulando mioma cervical. Apesar da citologia oncótica sem anormalidades, o estudo histológico revelou angiomixoma agressivo. A paciente foi submetida à histerectomia radical tipo II de Piver sem linfadenectomia há 42 meses e não apresenta evidências de recorrência local ou metástases a distância. Essa condição incomum raramente apresenta manifestação clínica de sangramento genital. Conclusão: O angiomixoma agressivo é doença rara e pouco compreendida. O tratamento cirúrgico continua sendo a modalidadeterapêutica de escolha

Quimioterapia neoadjuvante seguida de cirurgia radical em paciente grávida com câncer de colo de útero: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery in pregnant patient with invasive cervical cancer: case report and literature review

Em pacientes grávidas portadoras de câncer de colo de útero (CCU), as opções terapêuticas dependem da idade gestacional, do estágio clínico e do desejo da paciente. Alguns autores relataram casos de quimioterapia neoadjuvante seguidos de cirurgia radical nessas pacientes. O objetivo deste artigo foi revisitar o assunto, adicionar um novo caso e revisar a literatura. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 30 anos, na 24ª semana de gestação, que teve diagnóstico de câncer de colo de útero (carcinoma escamoso grau II), estágio IIB (Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia - FIGO). Nulípara, a paciente recusou a interrupção da gravidez. Após meticuloso esclarecimento, a paciente aceitou tratamento com quimioterapia neoadjuvante com cisplatina 75 mg/m² e vincristina 1 mg/m², além de posterior avaliação de cirurgia radical e parto cirúrgico concomitantes. Quatros ciclos completos de quimioterapia foram administrados sem atrasos ou efeitos adversos importantes. Poucos dias antes da data programada para a cirurgia, a paciente foi admitida em trabalho de parto na 37ª semana de gestação. Devido à resposta clínica completa do tumor, a equipe obstétrica optou por monitorar o trabalho de parto, e a paciente deu à luz um recém-nascido de 2.450 g, sem intercorrências. A cirurgia radical foi realizada três dias após o parto, e a análise histopatológica revelou carcinoma confinado ao colo sem envolvimento linfonodal. Mãe e filho se encontram em bom estado geral 12 meses após o parto. Quimioterapia baseada em cisplatina durante o segundo ou terceiro trimestre da gravidez parece ser uma opção para as pacientes que não desejam a interrupção da gravidez enquanto se aguarda a maturidade fetal. Entretanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar o prognóstico e a segurança dos recém-nascidos e das pacientes.

The treatment options for pregnant patients with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) depend on gestational age, clinical stage and the patient's wishes. Some authors have reported cases of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery in these patients. The aim of this paper was to revisit this subject and to add a new case and review the literature. We report the case of a 30 year-old woman in the 24th week of gestation. She was diagnosed with ICC (squamous cell carcinoma grade 2), stage IIB (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics - FIGO). Nulliparous, the patient refused to interrupt the pregnancy. After meticulous counseling, the patient accepted treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin 75 mg/m² and vincristine 1 mg/m²) and subsequent evaluation of radical surgery concomitant to a cesarean section. Four complete cycles of chemotherapy were administered without delays or significant adverse effects. A few days before the date scheduled for surgery, the patient was admitted in advanced labor (37th week of gestation). Due to tumor clinical response, the obstetric team decided to monitor the labor, and the patient gave birth to a male newborn (2,450 g) uneventfully. Radical surgery was performed three days after birth, and histopathology analysis revealed carcinoma confined to the cervix without lymphatic involvement. Mother and son are in good general condition 12 months after delivery. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy during the second or third trimester of pregnancy appears to be a safe option for patients who do not wish to interrupt a pregnancy while awaiting fetal maturity. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the prognosis and assure the safety of newborns and patients.

Epidemiologia e impacto econômico do câncer de colo de útero no Estado de Roraima: a perspectiva do SUS / Epidemiology and economic impact of cervical cancer in Roraima, a Northern state of Brazil: the public health system perspective

OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência e o impacto econômico direto do câncer de colo de útero (CCU) em Roraima, no ano de 2009, e analisar o perfil epidemiológico e socioeconômico das pacientes portadoras dessa doença. MÉTODOS: os laudos histopatológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, assim como os prontuários de pacientes femininas em tratamento oncológico. Foram registrados dados clínicos e procedimentos médicos (terapêuticos e diagnósticos) realizados em pacientes portadoras de CCU no único centro de tratamento oncológico do Estado de Roraima. Portadoras de CCU tratadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Roraima foram submetidas a entrevista abordando temas socioeconômicos e fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: registramos 90 casos de CCU e lesões pré-malignas de alto grau. Roraima possui a maior incidência de CCU do Brasil (46,21 casos/100.000 mulheres), sendo 3 vezes mais incidente que o de mama e comparável a países subdesenvolvidos de baixa renda. O perfil epidemiológico revela pacientes com privação econômica, socialmente desfavorecidas, baixa escolaridade, sexarca precoce (média de 13,8 anos), multiparidade (média de 5,5 gestações). Das pacientes estudadas, 71,7 por cento nunca haviam realizado o teste de Papanicolaou, e o desconhecimento foi o motivo mais relatado (47,4 por cento). Como problema de saúde pública, o manejo do CCU gera gastos anuais diretos de mais de R$ 600 mil, com custo médio por paciente de R$ 8.711,00. CONCLUSÕES: o CCU é o câncer mais incidente em mulheres roraimenses e um grave problema de saúde pública no Estado. Seu elevado impacto econômico favorece a implantação de medidas preventivas do ponto de vista de custo-efetividade. O perfil da pacientes revela a ineficiência dos serviços preventivos em alcançar pacientes com perfil de exclusão socioeconômico e alto risco para o câncer de colo uterino.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the incidence and direct economic impact of cervical cancer (CC) in Roraima, in 2009, and to analyze the epidemiological profile of patients with this disease. METHODS: the histopathologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, as were hospital records of female patients under treatment for cancer. Clinical data and medical procedures related to CC were recorded. CC carriers were treated under expenses of the public Brazilian health system (SUS) in Roraima underwent an interview dealing with socio-economic topics. RESULTS: we registered 90 cases of CC and high grade pre-invasive lesions. Roraima has the highest incidence of CC of Brazil (46.21 cases/100,000 women), which is 3 times higher than that of breast cancer, comparable to low-income developing countries. The epidemiological profile shows patients with economic deprivation, social disadvantage, low education, early first intercourse (mean age is 13.8 years), and high parity (medium of 5.5 gestations). Among the patients included in this report, 71.7 percent had never been submited to a Pap smear, and ignorance about it was the main reported reason (47.4 percent). As a public health problem, the management of CC generates direct annual expenditures of more than R$ 600,000, with an average cost per patient of R$ 8,711. CONCLUSIONS: CC is the most common cancer among women from Roraima, and represents a serious public health problem in Roraima. Its high economic impact favors the implementation of preventive strategies from the standpoint of cost-effectiveness. The profile of patients reveals the ineffectiveness of preventive services in reaching patients with a socio-economic exclusion profile at high risk for cervical cancer.

Diagnóstico e tratamento de parada cardiorrespiratória: avaliação do conhecimento teórico de médicos em hospital geral / Cardiorespiratory arrest diagnosis and treatment: theoretical knowledge evaluation in a general hospital's physicians

INTRODUÇÃO: As principais causas de parada cardiorrespiratória são endêmicas e exigem do médico constante aperfeiçoamento no que se refere à reanimação cardiorrespiratória, tornando o treinamento e a educação continuada essenciais ao atendimento qualificado de parada cardiorrespiratória. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento teórico de médicos sobre diagnóstico e tratamento da parada cardiorrespiratória. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de pesquisa de corte transversal e descritiva em hospital geral terciário de Roraima. A população foi composta por médicos que atuam em unidades de pronto atendimento. Para coleta de dados foi utilizado questionário com perguntas sobre o tema e busca ativa dos profissionais em seus locais de trabalho. RESULTADOS: Responderam ao questionário 44 profissionais. A média de acertos foi de 50 por cento. Cometeram "erros fatais" 88,5 por cento dos profissionais. Cursos de treinamento nunca foram realizados por 54,5 por cento dos médicos. Não houve correlação entre número de acertos e realização de cursos de treinamento. Houve correlação inversamente proporcional entre desempenho e idade, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre desempenho e tempo de graduação. CONCLUSÃO: o conhecimento teórico dos médicos mostrou-se preocupante. Os dados apontam para a importância do treinamento de profissionais em suporte avançado de vida para garantir um padrão de qualidade no atendimento à parada cardiorrespiratória neste hospital geral.

BACKGROUND: The main causes of cardiopulmonary arrest are endemic, and require constant medical improvement on cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Training and continued education are essential to skilled management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the physicians' theoretical knowledge on diagnosis and treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive research conducted in a general hospital in Roraima, Brazil. The study population consisted of physicians who worked in the emergency department and intensive care units. The data were collected using a questionnaire addressing the subject. RESULTS: Forty four physicians answered the questionnaire. The mean score was 50 percent right answers. Most (88.5 percent) respondents committed "fatal errors". Half of the sample was never trained in advanced life support skills. No correlation was found between the number of right answers and attendance to advanced life support training courses. An inverse correlation was found between performance and age, but no statistically significant correlation was seen regarding performance and time from medical graduation. CONCLUSION: The physicians' theoretical knowledge on this field is worrisome. The results point to the importance of professional advanced life support training in order to assure quality standards for cardiac arrest management in this general hospital.

Cardiorespiratory arrest diagnosis and treatment: theoretical knowledge evaluation in a general hospital's physicians. / Diagnóstico e tratamento de parada cardiorrespiratória: avaliação do conhecimento teórico de médicos em hospital geral.

BACKGROUND: The main causes of cardiopulmonary arrest are endemic, and require constant medical improvement on cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Training and continued education are essential to skilled management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the physicians' theoretical knowledge on diagnosis and treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive research conducted in a general hospital in Roraima, Brazil. The study population consisted of physicians who worked in the emergency department and intensive care units. The data were collected using a questionnaire addressing the subject. RESULTS: Forty four physicians answered the questionnaire. The mean score was 50% right answers. Most (88.5%) respondents committed "fatal errors". Half of the sample was never trained in advanced life support skills. No correlation was found between the number of right answers and attendance to advanced life support training courses. An inverse correlation was found between performance and age, but no statistically significant correlation was seen regarding performance and time from medical graduation. CONCLUSION: The physicians' theoretical knowledge on this field is worrisome. The results point to the importance of professional advanced life support training in order to assure quality standards for cardiac arrest management in this general hospital.